When Did Americans Lose Their British Accents?
There are many regional British and American accents, so the terms “British accent” and “American accent” are gross oversimplifications. What a lot of Americans think of as the typical “British accent” is what’s called standardized Received Pronunciation (RP), also known as Public School English or BBC English. What most people think of as an “American accent,” is the General American (GenAm) accent, sometimes called a “newscaster accent” or “Network English.”
When English colonists established their first permanent settlement in the New World at Jamestown, Virginia, in 1607, they were sounding very much like their countrymen back home. By the time we had recordings of both Americans and Brits some three centuries later (the first audio recording of a human voice was made in 1860), the sounds of English as spoken in the Old World and New World were very different. We’re looking at a silent gap of some 300 years, so we can’t say exactly when Americans first started to sound noticeably different from the British.
As for the “why,” though, one big factor in the divergence of the accents is rhotacism. The General American accent is rhotic and speakers pronounce the r in words such as hard. The BBC-type British accent is non-rhotic, and speakers don’t pronounce the r, leaving hard sounding more like hahd. Before and during the American Revolution, the English, both in England and in the colonies, mostly spoke with a rhotic accent.
Around the turn of 19th century, not long after the revolution, non-rhotic speech took off in southern England, especially among the upper and upper-middle classes. It was a signifier of class and status. This posh accent was standardized as Received Pronunciation and taught widely by pronunciation tutors to people who wanted to learn to speak fashionably. Because the Received Pronunciation accent was regionally “neutral” and easy to understand, it spread across England and the empire through the armed forces, the civil service and, later, the BBC.
Across the pond, many former colonists also adopted and imitated Received Pronunciation to show off their status. This happened especially in the port cities that still had close trading ties with England — Boston, Richmond, Charleston, and Savannah. From the Southeastern coast, the RP sound spread through much of the South along with plantation culture and wealth.
After industrialization and the Civil War and well into the 20th century, political and economic power largely passed from the port cities and cotton regions — New York, Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Cleveland, Chicago, Detroit, etc. The British elite had much less cultural and linguistic influence in these places, which were mostly populated by the Scots-Irish and other settlers from Northern Britain, and rhotic English was still spoken there. As industrialists in these cities became the self-made economic and political elites of the Industrial Era, Received Pronunciation lost its status and fizzled out in the U.S.
Of course, with the speed that language changes, a General American accent is now hard to find in much of this region, with New York, Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, and Chicago developing their own unique accents, and GenAm now considered generally confined to a small section of the Midwest.
As mentioned above, there are regional exceptions to both these general American and British sounds. Some of the accents of southeastern England, plus the accents of Scotland and Ireland, are rhotic. Some areas of the American Southeast, plus Boston, are non-rhotic.
source: Mentalfloss
Let’s go through the main points of the story again but now you have to provide the missing words from the original text.
The language the first British …………… (1) spoke in America was not really different from the English spoken in the Old World. After 300 years, when the first audio recordings were made, however, American English was …………… (2) different from British English. One of the main differences is that Americans …………… (3) the r in words like hard while British people don’t. This …………… (4) accent was used mainly by the upper classes and it soon …………… (5) across England. It was also …………… (6) by Americans to …………… their status (7) but later as the British elite had less cultural and linguistic …………… (8) on America and with the rise of the new …………… (9) American elite it lost its status and fizzled out. There is a wide variety of American accents as well and General American accent is only spoken in a small …………… (10) of the Midwest.
Key:
1. colonists
2. noticeably
3. pronounce
4. posh
5. spread
6. adopted / imitated
7. show off
8. influence
9. self-made
10. section
| gross | evidentemente |
| oversimplification | eccessiva semplificazione |
| newscaster | conduttore, presentatore |
| colonist | colono |
| permanent | permanente |
| settlement | insediamento |
| silent gap | periodo di silenzio – senza registrazioni |
| noticeably | in modo evidente |
| divergence | differenza |
| to take off | diffondersi |
| signifier | indicatore di, segno di |
| posh | snob |
| armed forces | forze armate |
| civil service | amministrazione statale |
| across the pond | dall’altro lato dell’oceano |
| colonist | colono |
| to show off | mostrare |
| port | porto |
| trading ties | legami commerciali |
| wealth | benessere |
| industrialization | industrializzazione |
| cotton | cotone |
| self-made (man) | l’uomo che si è fatto da solo |
| to fizzle out | affievolirsi, attenuarsi |
| to be confined to | essere confinato in |
